Lockdown has affected people very differently.  Some are having to homeschool their children.  Some have less-than-supportive partners and so are picking up a greater share of the domestic burden.  Some are trapped in cramped dwellings with no space to work.  Others are really struggling with anxiety and isolation.  All of this and more is shaping how those of us in the academic sector are able to work through the current crisis.
 
Unsurprisingly given our fundamentally unequal gender relations, lockdown has seen the proportion of academic journal articles being submitted by a lead female author drop significantly.  As someone without children, living in a comfortable, spacious home with a dedicated study, I find myself feeling a great deal of guilt that, because of my exceptional privilege, in many ways I’ve not really noticed the lockdown.  During the summer period it is not that unusual for me to work from home four or five days per week and so this has not personally felt like a particularly jarring change of circumstances.  Indeed, in common with many other single male academics, this seems a lot like a period of study leave, allowing me to get on with long-put-off writing projects and grant applications, while less fortunate others contemplate the damage this is doing their careers.  Beyond research it’s also a time to pause, and reflect on some of my teaching practice.
 
Our students have just handed in the substitute work I’d set them to replace the Berlin fieldcourse assignment.  They’d been planning their field research projects for the ten weeks after Christmas leading up to our intended visit.  When it became clear we would not be able to go this year, many chose to keep with the same topic but switched to a desk-based study because they couldn’t collect primary data in the field.
 
Having marked my share of these, it’s a real shame we didn’t get to go because the groups had developed some really fantastic projects.  It would have been incredibly interesting to see how well they could have operationalised these when dealing with the messiness of real world field practice.  Nonetheless, it has got me thinking about what our students can now do in terms of desk-based projects, particularly considering that it’s going to be a while before we can allow traditional field-data collection to take place.
 
Over the years of going to Berlin I’ve become interested in how we can find traces of previous layers of history within today’s landscape.  I’ve blogged previously about Albert Speer’s plans for Germania, which was intended to completely remake the city as a kind of turbocharged fantasy of imperial Rome.  On previous fieldcourses I’ve sent students off to hunt for the fragments of this scheme that remain in the landscape.  Of the Neue Reichskanzlei, for example, not a trace remains except for some of the marble which was re-used to build the Soviet War Memorial at Treptower Park.  Hitler’s personal palace was too badly damaged and too closely associated with the man to be preserved.
 
Google Earth is a tremendous resource for geographers not least because of its time slider which allows you to look back at previous aerial photographs of a site to look for changes over time.  For the most part this covers the last 20 years or so, but for some cities there are older image records.  Berlin currently has three sets of historic air photographs available, taken in 1943, 1945 and 1953 respectively.  In 1945 the Neue Reichskanzlei is still visible on Vossstrasse, if partly obscured by an overlap between the original photosheets. By 1953 the site is a blank, with just a ghostly outline of the reflecting pond in the rear gardens visible.
 
More interesting in some ways is Teufelsberg, or the Devil’s Mountain.  This is an artificial hill on the western edge of the city, which was a dump for demolition rubble after the war as bomb damaged buildings were cleared.  An abandoned Cold War era listening station sits on top of the hill today, heavily graffitied and a popular site for alternative tourism.  Less well known is the fact that this location had been prepared before the war ready for the construction of the Wehrtechnische Fakultät, a technical university which was to form part of a redevelopment cluster in the west of the city, close to the site of the 1936 Summer Olympics.  Construction had started on one of the central buildings, sticking closely to Speer’s model for stripped classicism on a gigantic scale.  Contemporary photos showed the shell of the building was significantly advanced before the war brought construction to an end.
 

 
The building wasn’t particularly associated with Nazism and, had it been complete, it probably would have continued to have been used, just as the contemporaneous Air Ministry and Tempelhof airport complex were.  Rather than demolish or finish it, the occupying powers chose simply to bury the ruined shell under the rubble coming out of the city centre.  It is left as a tantalising object for future archaeologists.
 
A virtual field visit using Google Earth allows us to get some sense of the building.  Unfortunately, the 1940s air surveys don’t extend as far out as the nearby Teufelssee lake from which the artificial mountain would later gain its name.  The 1953 survey does, however, clearly show the castle-like structure still standing and unburied.  The measurement tools in Google Earth allow us to work out its size – just under 1.5 hectares (around 3.4 acres) – which makes it easier to get a sense of it scale.  For those who know the University of Birmingham, it covers about the same amount of ground as the Aston Webb semi-circle at the heart of campus.  Like the Aston Webb, this single building was to have been the centre of a much larger complex.  Again, Google Earth allows us to easily get a sense of proximity to contemporary developments in Berlin, with the Wehrtechnische Fakultät just 1.6km away from the southern gate of the Olympic stadium with a direct axis to link them together.

Of course, it would be fun to physically go to the site with a mobile device and use GPS to work out how much of the outline of the building could be walked around in what is now a heavily wooded location.  Nonetheless, one can still gain some really interesting insights into these locations even when one cannot visit them.  Covid-19 is changing the way that we think about travel and going different locations meaning that even when things return to ‘normal’ our practices for fieldwork will need rethinking.  In the future, more and more of the work our students do will involve this kind of gathering materials online.  Such activities will allow students to think through the types of data collection that require their physical presence in a location and those where a virtual visit will suffice.  This will allow for much more efficient and effective use of our limited time in the field.
 
Note
 
For more information about the Wehrtechnische Fakultät written in English, there is an interesting blog post here: https://flowersforsocrates.com/2016/12/31/structural-substitution-and-the-logic-of-urban-modernism/

I was supposed to be travelling to Berlin on Sunday with 135 undergraduates.  Clearly, the current situation with Covid-19 has meant that we cancelled the trip as part of our preparations for what is likely to be quite a long period of campus shut down and remote working.  It has to be said that our students have been incredibly supportive and understanding of the need to change our working patterns, including around fieldwork – for which we’re all really grateful.
 
Although we aren’t going to Berlin in 2020, this does seem like a good opportunity to reflect on our undergraduate fieldcourse programme and some of the changes myself and colleagues at Birmingham have been making.  Particularly since the Teaching Excellence Framework (TEF) was introduced in 2017, some of the top UK universities have been grappling with the question of added value: why should undergraduates come to a research-focused institution, rather than universities where staff spend a much higher proportion of their time on teaching. 
 
Even prior to the TEF, I have been very keen on the idea that instead of referring to undergraduate students we should be talking about undergraduate researchers.  For me the advantage of coming to a research-focussed institution isn’t the snob value of attending a traditionally ‘top’ university with high entry grades and it certainly isn’t because of vague phrases around “teaching from research”.  Of course, students do like it when we talk about research that we’ve been doing ourselves and it makes them feel connected to work at the cutting edge.  But we can push this a bit further by emphasising the idea that the undergraduates are themselves part of a research community.
 
Right at the start of my career in the early noughties I quickly got very bored marking the same essay over and over again.  Thanks to a conservatism drummed in at school that there is a single “right” answer, students simply reproduced versions of my lecture notes.  As a result, I altered my assessment strategies.  Teaching urban regeneration at the time, I started forcing students to find their own case studies to use in their essays, drawing on media sources, web searches and even field observations of sites they knew from home.  Suddenly the essays got a whole lot better, with students starting to get excited about taking the ideas they were learning about in class and thinking about how they could apply them to their own research.  And, yes, I learned new things too.  Since then, I’ve been keen to employ this research-led approach to undergraduate work wherever possible.
 
For years our fieldwork was stuck in a bit of a rut.  We took the students to the same places year in, year out, giving them the same sources to read (or, more likely, ignore) and saying the same things in the same sites.  This inertia tends to happen when you have quite a high staff turnover (as we used to at Birmingham) meaning that people get dumped with a fieldcourse at the last minute and don’t have time to design something new.
 
One of the things I’d always been really impressed with at other institutions like Manchester was fieldwork opportunities where the whole first year cohort was taken to a single location.  This gave an opportunity for a year group to develop a bit of a collective identity.  I’d also been interested in how we could use economies of scale to enhance our field teaching while keeping costs manageable. 
 
In 2017 we hatched a plan to bin all of the existing first year fieldcourses and move to a single trip.  This gave us an opportunity to do an overseas visit for the same cost per head as we were spending on our UK trips – slightly greater expenses on the coaches vs. a substantially cheaper (and nicer!) hostel in Rotterdam.  The Netherlands is a great location for a first ‘overseas’ fieldcourse since while locals speak pretty good English, culturally it’s quite a different place which can be very stimulating for the students.
 
What we didn’t want to do, however, was simply create another ‘show-and-tell’ fieldcourse in a new location.  Instead, students now spend the first five weeks of term learning about research methods and project design.  This cuts across human and physical geography as well as planning.  Groups of 20 students are then allocated to a member of staff who divides them into smaller teams, takes them out to some field sites and asks them to develop their own small research project – thinking up a research question, collecting and analysing relevant data before coming to some tentative conclusions.
 
This approach completely changes the mindset of students entering the field as they become active researchers.  It also reinforces the independent research mentality which is developed by those who do the Extended Project Qualification (EPQ) at A-level and gives a chance for those who haven’t done the EPQ to get up to speed.
 
In the setup lectures I really emphasise the importance of failure as a learning tool – allowing them to get out of the A-level mindset of having to get everything right first time.  By embedding small research projects throughout the curriculum – starting with the Rotterdam fieldcourse in their sixth week of university – the idea of doing a dissertation in year 3 suddenly seems a lot less intimidating. 
 
This year I had redesigned the setup for our year 2 Berlin trip to build on this model.  Students were given ten weeks to design a research project that they were going to implement in Berlin.  Teams met with their group leaders fortnightly to pitch their ideas in semi-formal presentations, showcasing their developing thoughts, the reading they’d undertaken and the work they had done to set up interviews and other activities in advance of travelling to the city.
 
The overall Berlin trip was going to be for 135 students  which is much easier to organise than the groups of up to 265 we’ve taken to Rotterdam!  As a group leader, I was supervising 20 students, who had formed themselves into four teams doing four different projects.  It was a real shame that they didn’t get to implement these in Berlin because they’d done an amazing amount of work in advance of the trip.  There was a really interesting project looking at physiological response and wellbeing in relation to green space – with one team riffing off some research that I’ve been playing with for the last few years.  There were a couple of groups doing really thoughtful projects in relation to memorialisation and the curation of memory.  Finally, there was a group looking at the art-led gentrification of Neukölln who had created a map of all the new galleries that had opened there as well as having set up an interview with the district Mayor.  Really great stuff.
 
Even though we didn’t get to go to Berlin, the students I spoke to were very enthusiastic about having been given the opportunity to develop their own projects.  Of course, the sneaky thing about all of this is that it’s not just about making ‘research’ part of the USP of studying at a research-focussed institution.  It’s really about the independent critical thinking skills and teamwork that they develop through doing this kind of work so that they have really valuable things to talk about in job interviews.  Because, let’s be honest, no matter what sector they end up working in, employers are going to be less impressed by students’ grasp of poststructuralist theory and much more interested in how well they can independently deliver on a project task.

Untitled Goose Game (House House, 2019) has, with good reason, featured in many critics’ Game of the Year lists.  An utterly charming game, wrought in delicate pastel colours with wonderful sound design, one gets to play as a goose, waddling around an idealised English village, causing low level mischief and mayhem.  I cannot emphasise strongly enough how playing this game makes the world a nicer place – not least because the controller has a dedicated button for honking.
 
One of the cleverest elements of the game is its map, which one encounters at quite a late stage in your adventures.  Maps have become absolutely crucial to modern gaming in part simply because of the sheer size of the landscapes that are now being made available for players to interact with.  Without a map it’s all too easy to find yourself wandering around aimlessly, unable to find elements of the environment that are crucial to the game.  The most recent episode in the long running Assassins’ Creed series AC: Odyssey (Ubisoft, 2018) creates an improbably vast world of approximately 233 square kilometres, all of which can be accessed and explored.  The map allows the player to simplify and know this enormous game landscape, just as maps do in the real world.
 
Of course, geographers have long critiqued maps, partly because of their militaristic origins and association with conquest and partly because the map reduces complex social and environmental characteristics to a series of highly simplified representations.  Indeed, the choice of which things to represent and not gives the map maker significant power over that landscape – something that Denis Wood and others were discussing three decades ago.
 
The more recent games in the Assassins’ Creed series have given players maps taking the form of a miniature 3D model, which can be zoomed and panned.  This gives a godlike view over the game landscape as a whole, increasing the sense that this territory is yours to be conquered.  Such a view is deliberately missing from Dear Esther (The Chinese Room, remastered version 2017) the original ‘walking simulator’ where players encounter a story told as they walk through a landscape.  The designers left hidden messages in the shape of the landscape as a whole, but these can only be seen when editing it in a games engine.  To the average player, lacking the god’s eye view of the designers, these messages are simply unreadable, a secret briefly teased in the game’s Director’s Commentary.

Players have very few choices about where to walk within Dear Esther – it’s pretty much a set of linear passages – meaning that a map overview wouldn’t really add anything to the gameplay.  For most games, however, maps are crucial tools and it becomes very clear when a map is poorly designed.  One of the other critically acclaimed releases of last year Control (Remedy, 2019) gives players a remarkable, absurdly large, brutalist building to walk around.  For fans of Twin Peaks and David Lynch more generally, Control is a quite wonderful experience as one attempts to get to the bottom of a set of mysteries wrapped up in the stifling bureaucracy of a US government agency. The map is, however, next to useless for working out how to locate yourself within the sprawling complex being depicted.  Indeed, one of the main comments made by gamers has been the ease with which one gets lost and disorientated in Control because the map is so poor.  Given that the story of the game emphasises a sense of dislocation this is not entirely inappropriate, but it is more a question of weak design rather than intent.

This brings us back to Untitled Goose Game.  It’s a puzzle and stealth game, where the player has to figure out how to do things like throwing a rake in a lake, all while avoiding being shooed away by irritated residents of the village.  In its final sequence, you find yourself exploring the model village within the village – and, yes, the model village does have a model of the model village in it.  This is a really clever bit of game design as it plays with the idea that we need a map to make sense of game landscapes.  By wandering around the model village, we gain an overview of the village as a whole which, prior to this point, has been experienced in isolated pieces.  The final mission involves taking an object from the model village back to the goose’s home, navigating carefully through the entire village while its residents try to stop you.  Thus, exploring the model village builds the player’s mental map for undertaking the final sprint across the village as a whole.  It’s a very canny bit of design.
 
I won’t spoil the ending, which does have a laugh out loud moment.  Even if you ignore its clever approach to mapping, however, buying and playing the game will definitely make your life better.  Who doesn’t want to be a horrible goose in a lovely village?
 
Reference
 
Wood, D & Fels, J 1993 The power of maps Routledge, London.

I’ve been greatly inspired by Bob Stone’s work here at Birmingham, particularly in how he and his team make reconstructions of historic landscapes for use in virtual reality.  I’ll confess to having been a bit frustrated over the last few years because I could think of a whole lot of different projects I could do with this technology, but haven’t had the skill to do it myself.
 
As a result, one of the tasks I set myself for the first quarter of 2019 was to learn a bit of Unity.  For those who don’t know, Unity is a games engine, a piece of software that allows you to make video games of your own design.  Although its higher functions require some skill at coding, Unity comes with a whole load of readymade code ‘prefabs’ from which you can build a game with little or no programming expertise.
 
My friend and collaborator Tess Osborne has said she needs to get a T-shirt that just reads “Have you tried Googling it” to wear when teaching undergraduate IT classes.  This is the approach I took to learning the very basics of Unity – skimming through other people’s blogs, messageboard posts and YouTube videos to find answers to different challenges I encountered along the way.  I can’t imagine anyone would be interested in the details of this (you can drop me a line if you are) so I’m going to concentrate here on the outputs.
 
I’ve done two small projects thus far: Germania and I have a dream.  Both are very different expressions of how grand, triumphal cityscapes can be thought about.  They currently exist as developer-only models for use in the Oculus Go – a portable, standalone headset that does not need to be tethered to a powerful computer.
 
Germania was the name for Hitler’s planned redevelopment of Berlin, intended to be completed following the victory of Germany in WW2.  A truly massive complex of new buildings in a stripped-down classical style would have been assembled on a north-south axis through the heart of the existing city.  The crowning glory was to have been the Volkshalle, a 290 metre tall domed building.  The ludicrous scale of this development is hard to put across.  I’ve borrowed a pre-existing digital model of part of the planned development, rescaled and fiddled with it and put it into a navigable landscape in VR.  My colleague Lloyd Jenkins has been in Berlin this week with the students, standing in the location close to the Reichstag where the Volkshalle would have been built in the real Berlin.  They’ve had a go at standing in the real landscape while navigating the virtual landscape of the unbuilt project to get a sense of the sheer scale of that unbuilt plan and what that says about the mentality that underpinned its design.

We’ll be using the Germania model next week as part of an AAG workshop organised by Tess along with Danielle Drozdzewski and Jacque Micieli-Voutsinas.  Participants will stand in the National Mall in Washington DC, giving them the opportunity to contrast Hitler’s vision in the VR headset with the material reality of one of the landscapes that inspired his architect Albert Speer. This will allow participants to examine questions of scale and intimidation in the architecture of dictatorship as well as to reflect on the spatial qualities of the 1902 McMillan Plan for Washington DC.
 
I’ve also built a simplified recreation of the National Mall for VR that will allow workshop participants to stand in a virtual Mall listening to Martin Luther King giving his I have a dream speech.  Again, the idea is to reflect on the difference between physical and virtual presence in the real present and an imagined past.

It’s been quite fun working out some of these ideas – Tess and I have been asked to write some of this up for a forthcoming book emerging from next week’s workshop.  It’s also been a useful process in thinking through what some of the possibilities for using this technology in teaching and research can be – I’m a great believer in learning by doing.  Even if I’m never going to be an expert in the use of these technologies, learning the basics is a great way to have meaningful conversations with potential collaborators over much more sophisticated applications.

​VR has been the next big thing for a very long time.  Back in 1993 confused TV audiences in the UK got to see Craig Charles hosting Cyber Zone – a short-lived attempt to bring VR to the masses.  Cyber Zone sticks in my mind mostly because one of the challenges involved navigating around Cyber Swindon, the real version of which my parents moved to the following year.
 
In recent years large technology firms have revisited the idea of VR as dramatic advances in processing power, sensor technology, screen resolution and refresh rates have allowed for the creation of a much more convincing immersive experience.  Facebook (owners of Oculus), HTC, Microsoft, Samsung and others have all had a swing at VR with varying degrees of success.  Although the tech is considerably more advanced than in the 1990s it still feels somewhat unrefined and very much a solution in search of a problem.
 
I’ve got a VR setup that I use for demonstrations, open days and the like.  Assetto Corsa, a racing sim, looks graphically unremarkable when viewed on a screen but seen through a headset it’s really quite compelling.  Indeed, using the headset in combination with a full steering wheel and pedal set, I’ve ‘driven’ the course of Trento-Bondone, a 17km hill climb.  I ended up every bit as exhausted as the time I drove up a switchback alpine road to Breil-sur-Roya north of Nice.  Admittedly driving my virtual Fiat 500 the course took me over 22 minutes, compared to the lap record of 9 minutes but it was sufficiently convincing that when I finally reached the end of the course I ‘stopped’ the car and automatically reached for a handbrake that wasn’t there.
 
So how does this involve my parents?  Well, a few months ago I discovered that Google Earth is now available in VR and had a play around.  It made me think about a conversation I’d had with my mother where she talked about the fact that her knees were starting to play up which meant there were hill walks she could no longer attempt.  I wondered whether VR would be a good substitute allowing people to visit spaces they could no longer access.  Virtual flying up to the top of the Old Man of Coniston in the Lake District was quite satisfying for me because of the several times I’ve climbed that hill I’ve never actually seen the view from the top because of low cloud.  The view in VR seemed to me to be really quite convincing. 
 
Maybe there’s a project here, I thought to myself.  Heading up to see my parents in December, I packed up some of my VR gear to get them to have a play with Google Earth.  My parents are both from Liverpool originally and moved back to the north west a few years ago.  I gave both of them a go in the headset, starting from Liverpool and, in my mother’s case, also having a virtual walk around Coniston.
 
While neither of my folks are massively techy, they do enjoy playing with Google Earth on their computers, my mum in particular using it to have a look at places she reads about.  Neither of them were therefore taken aback by the existence of Google Earth itself but both were very surprised by how different it feels when you are in those virtual landscapes rather than just looking at them on a screen.  I had my mum walking around a little whilst in the headset – I’m using a Samsung Odyssey which has camera-based motion tracking – though this can be quite awkward because it’s easy to get tangled up in the wires and you can feel rather wobbly and disorientated.  She was quite delighted at being a giant able to walk across a miniaturised central Liverpool.  Less convincing for her was the virtual climb up Coppermines Valley in Coniston.  The closer you get to the ground surface in Google Earth, the more it becomes obvious that it’s a somewhat pixelated aerial photograph.  As she later told me, when she goes for a walk, for her it’s not about the view from the top, it’s about the detail of the flowers and grass right next to her. 

Just as we are heads down in the final run to the end of term and Xmas I've finally managed to regain access to my website after several months of password-based shenanigans.  What better way to celebrate than to upload the piece that I intended to post at the end of the summer about eye tracking...

One of the things I promised myself while I was in Australia was that I would hack together an inexpensive eyetracker this summer that I could give my students to play with.  What I’ve done is buy a Tobii 4C – basically a toy that is designed to be used with certain video games to pan the screen around via eye movement.  This cost me £121 on Amazon.  It’s a small bar that attaches to the bottom of your screen and plugs into your computer via USB.  All the clever stuff is done onboard the eyetracker itself (which is essentially a camera that can see your eye movements) so it will run very happily on a low-powered laptop.
 
Tobii explicitly prevent you from using their API to capture the datastream from this device so that you can’t use it to record the raw eyetracking data for research purposes.  This is fair enough given that a lot of people who don’t need clinical grade eyetracking would probably find this device ‘good enough’ and thus not pay the hefty subscriptions to use Tobii’s more accurate equipment and software.
 
Tobii do, however, allow you to create a representation of your eye movements across the screen using their ‘Ghost’ software from which you can undertake what we might refer to as descriptive eye tracking.  You can then connect this to streaming software (they recommend OBS Studio) which can either record or live-stream what you see on your screen to services like Youtube and Twitch.  Thus you can record a video with an eyetracking overlay showing the researcher what their participants were looking at when viewing the screen.  This can work with movies, games, websites, or simply a collection of images in PowerPoint.  In the image below you can see me playing around with a heatmap style representation of where I’m looking on an image of a fantasy city.
 
In no way is this good enough for doing advanced psychological work.  Indeed, such a set up would be rightly dismissed as ‘descriptive’ by anyone who works in this field.  It is, however, quite cute and a cheap way of showing the principles and possibilities of work using this kind of technology.  And sometimes ‘descriptive’ work is good enough to highlight potentially interesting research questions that you might want to investigate through other means.
 
I used this setup at the RGS ‘Digital Landscapes’ event co-organised by my excellent PhD student Tess Osborne in August.  Again, it’s more about starting a conversation than doing anything approaching ‘science’ with this kind of tool.  I've since given it to the third year students taking my Geographies of the Body module to see what projects they'd come up with.  They've done some quite cool stuff looking at representations of London and New York in cinema, a project looking at Asian beauty standards and a comparaison of green versus white (snowy) space.  It’s very exciting seeing what the students come up with when you give them the opportunity to play around with different methods – a point I made at our last open day when I was getting applicants (and their parents!) to play with this eyetracking set up, as well as a VR driving experience.

A few years ago when I was running the Human Geography Research Theme at Birmingham with my colleague Julian Clark, we sat down to try and cook up a way of reintroducing study leave.  Although the University’s procedures for this were still in place, as a School it had largely stopped except where people had secured a fellowship to buy out their teaching.
 
Julian and I introduced a system whereby colleagues could coordinate with us and with the programme leads to make space for taking a semester out to have study leave; other research themes in the School subsequently copied our system.  Obviously, because I’d helped re-introduce study leave I thought it would look far too self-interested if I tried to go on leave myself right away.  But fast forward a few years and having secured a Universitas 21 travel grant, I found myself in a position to have my first period of study leave in the 15 years that I’ve worked at Birmingham.
 
The time I’ve spent in Melbourne has been tremendously productive.  The School of Geography at the University of Melbourne is an excellent department, with some really top-class scholars.  Melbourne as a city has a number of other really good universities, so there’s a fantastic intellectual climate here.  I am immensely grateful to all the people who’ve taken the time to meet with me and particularly to Birmingham’s International Office for making the U21 funding available to come here.

For the U21 Fellowship I worked on projects around map collections, the management of interdisciplinary urban studies and the potential for running an undergraduate fieldcourse to Melbourne.  But I’ve also had targets to achieve for my Head of School and College.  I had forgotten the simple joy of simply sitting down, undisturbed, writing without email pinging, without admin tasks to do and without people knocking on your door.  I’ve not had that experience since I finished my PhD in 2003.  Things that might otherwise have taken me months to finish off have been turned around in matter of days.
 
Obviously, there’s a lot to be reflected on here in terms of decluttering academic life and trying to resist the fragmentation of time that has become a major part of the job these days.  As a colleague here put it “slow down to speed up”.  Indeed, since my study leave started in January, I’ve written two grant applications, the case for support for a third, I’ve been assembling the manuscript for an edited book, done the corrections on a paper that has since been accepted and even, in the last few days, drafted a book proposal.
 
On one level, then, I’m nervous about returning to the normal academic fray once I get back to the office in Birmingham in a week or so.  But on other levels, I have missed my colleagues and my students.  There’s a lot of fun and satisfaction to be had in those other parts of the job away from the secluded cloisters of study leave.  Nonetheless, it’s been a hugely productive couple of months for me that will doubtless show up as a purple patch in my CV.  The challenge facing many departments in the UK is in making sure everyone is able to maximise their opportunities for developing ideas, researching and writing alongside their other responsiblities.  Defragmentation of time and protection from mundane and routine tasks is the only way to make this a part of the everyday academic experience.

As I’m coming to the end of my stay in Melbourne, I’m going to take the opportunity to reflect on some ideas I’ve been having about the possibilities for geographers presented by eye tracking technology.
 
In collaboration with Jodi Sita from the Australian Catholic University, I’ve written a grant proposal while I’ve been here which seeks to use eye tracking glasses to examine how cyclists engage with urban spaces.  These glasses overlay a record of where you’re pointing your eyes onto a video recorded from a front facing camera mounted at eye level.  These devices used to be a little Heath Robinson, but are now very slickly packaged with a similar weight and appearance to sports sunglasses, making them suitable for field-based use.
 
Meeting with a couple of eye tracking specialists while I’ve been here has given me the chance to think through some ideas around how geographers can engage with these technologies.  The majority of work in eye tracking is lab-based, asking participants to look at a screen and recording how long they spend looking at different elements of images displayed on the screen.  Again, this used to be a technology that was very expensive and complex, but which has tumbled in price and rocketed in usability over the last few years.
 
Jodi has just published an edited collection looking at what eye tracking can bring to film and TV studies.  I had a fascinating conversation with Angela Ndalianis of Swinburne University of Technology about her collaboration with Jodi examining some of the assumptions made by film studies scholars about how audiences watch movies – what elements filmmakers intend to draw the eye vs. the parts of the screen that audiences actually look at.  A fascinating opportunity to debunk some long-held theories and confirm others.  Jodi has also run an amazing project examining how people respond to green space, showing them film of walks through parks to see what elements they pay attention to in the landscape.
 
In conversation with Adrian Dyer at RMIT, he revealed his concerns that a great many studies being undertaken with eyetracking these days (not including those described above) are insufficiently rigorous and overly descriptive.  This is doubtless a fair point.  But there’s something about this moment with the technology that allows for research to emerge that might not meet the standards of rigour of conventional approaches to eye tracking, but which can nonetheless give new insights into a variety of different areas.
 
One can buy a basic screen-based eye tracker for less than £200, although this unfortunately lacks the specialist software that allows you to do the automated analysis.  That specialist software gets quite expensive quite quickly – about €2500 for a year’s subscription – but allows you to start identifying how much time people spend examining different elements within an image. 
 
At high levels of sophistication, eye tracking can give insights into people’s decisionmaking.  Market researchers use this to determine things like how the design of packaging can make people more or less likely to buy a product (there’s a group at Monash working on this).  One of the things I intend to do when I get back to the UK is see if I can hack together something relatively crude to allow students to do basic analysis using a cheap gaming eye tracker.  From a scientific point of view, this would be entirely without rigour, but for demonstrating the principles of how one could start to use this technology, I think it could be very useful.  Once something usable falls below £1000, however, I can see that there would be serious interest among geographers in what this technology could do.  Scholars working on, for example, place, mobilities, landscape etc. could gain some fascinating new insights working with these techniques.

At the University of Birmingham we have a very large map collection held within the School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences.  It’s an eclectic mix of maps used in the field, teaching sets of ordnance survey and geology maps, large scale topographic maps for regions across the globe, a treasure trove of historic items and fascinating oddities such as fire insurance plans.  More and more of the everyday maps that we use for teaching are now digital, however.  In common with map collections elsewhere in the UK the balance is therefore shifting from being a working collection toward being more of an archive collection.  Archives are, of course, fantastically important and useful things – well I would say that, given that I used to be an historian – and so we’re looking at how we manage the long-term future of the excellent collection that we have at Birmingham. 
 
I’ve been in Melbourne for just over a month now and have been working on a number of projects in parallel.  One of my reasons for being here is to look at Australian practice in terms of managing map collections.  I’ve spent the last few weeks talking to experts in the field about how they manage their maps, having meetings with University-based map librarians and collection managers based at the Victoria and New South Wales State Libraries and the National Library of Australia in Canberra.
 
In meeting this group of passionate and fascinating individuals, a couple of themes have become clear.  First, as in the UK, university map librarians are starting to retire and when they do, institutions are having to make difficult choices about how they manage those collections.  The library team at one university are currently doing a piece of research attempting to figure out what to do with what has become a somewhat orphaned collection.  The library building in which it’s housed is under great pressure to expand the number of study spaces as student numbers climb meaning that storage space is at a premium.  Some of the map material has been passed to other institutions, some will go to offsite storage, some may be disposed of.
 
The future seems to be in digitisation – perhaps no surprise.  Scanning maps is a lot of work, but in some ways is the relatively straightforward part of the problem.  The key challenges would seem to be:

1. having a repository for the scans that connects to an online database (preferably a library catalogue)
2. having enough storage space to create archive grade scans – an uncompressed tiff of a large map scanned at 600dpi runs to hundreds of megabytes – so that you can have an ‘online first’ policy
3. having a web interface through which people can preview and browse those scans that runs quickly enough and automatically creates lower resolution jpegs for browsing (not everyone wants to download the enormous archive grade scan!)
4. getting maps stored by coordinates to allow for geographic-based browsing of the collection (and having a catalogue system that allows for a coordinate-based search)
   
5. wherever possible, georeferencing so that scanned maps can be automatically located when brought into a GIS
   

 
Fundamentally these are library and database management problems which means that securing the future of the collection at Birmingham will need much closer coordination with our central library team.  There are a lot of things to put in place before we can start simply scanning the maps, even if we can get volunteer labour to help offset some of the costs of this.  We also need to look carefully at what is already available online at archive grade before doing any scanning.  The National Library of Australia, for example, get a great many inquiries from people in the UK because they’ve made freely available a great number of high quality scans of Ordnance Survey maps of Britain.
 
There’s quite a bit of work for us to do at Birmingham, but from what I’ve seen operating here, I think we can be optimistic about securing the future of our collection.  This will require an investment of time and money but, based on this trip, I feel much more confident in knowing what we need to ask for and who we need to talk to in order to make this happen.

I need to say a big thank you to everyone who took the time to meet with me here in Australia, but particularly to David Jones, the Map Curator at the University of Melbourne who has been incredibly generous in opening up his little black book and connecting me with colleagues across the country.  If you are interested in maps and find yourself in Melbourne, do look David up - he's a thoroughly good bloke and looks after quite an amazing collection.

I’m relatively new to modern console gaming.  The first time I played Assassin’s Creed: Unity there was a moment of genuine shock where, seeing the sheer size and detail of the landscape being represented I wondered to myself “do geographers even know about this stuff?”.  I laughed out loud when, walking away from a representation of the Cathedral of Notre Dame in 1789, I found the River Seine, exactly where I would have expected it to be from my knowledge of the real city.
 
As Monica Degen, Clare Melhuish and Gillian Rose (2017) have discussed, virtual environments are more than just representations, but are intended to do work in the material world.  This is something that I’ve been writing about with Tess Osborne in relation to video games.  Hopefully that paper should see the light of day shortly, but in the meantime while I’m in Australia I’ve been hit by an odd sensation of familiarity.  I have physically been to Australia before, but that was back in 1987 and my memories are somewhat blurred by time.  Much more recently, however, I’ve been to a virtual Australia courtesy of Turn 10 Studios’ Forza Horizon 3.

For those unfamiliar with the Forza franchise, these are Xbox exclusive games that come in two flavours.  The main Forza series is about creating a minutely detailed racing simulator, with real race tracks laser scanned for maximum accuracy, incredibly careful reproductions not just of the look of different cars, but their driving characteristics.  It’s a labour of love, incredibly nerdy and – if you’re anything like me – almost impossible to control unless you turn all of the driver aids and cheats to maximum.  Technically these games are fascinating, but perhaps not wildly fun.
 
Every other year, however, Turn 10 release one of the Forza Horizon games.  These are open world – in that you can drive freely rather than being confined to a track – and are very much playful.  You can drive a Lamborghini at high speed through a vineyard with cheerful abandon before getting back onto the asphalt and pottering toward a local town without having to call a tow truck because you’ve shattered your transmission into a thousand tiny fragments.  The Horizon games are fun and silly, but at least vaguely based on real places.  Forza Horizon 2 is set in the south of France and it’s strange to drive through a simplified version of Nice and recognise some of the buildings along the Promenade des Anglais looking across the beach.
 
Games designers, for practical and ludic reasons, fiddle with the details when real places are being reproduced.  So the Australia of Forza Horizon 3 might feature real places, but you certainly can’t drive from the Great Ocean Road west of Melbourne to Coober Pedy north of Adelaide in ten minutes as you can in the game (Google Maps suggests it would take about 17 hours).  Nonetheless, some of the game landscapes are simply haunting compared to the real thing.  On a gravel road up in the hills north of Melbourne at the weekend, I was struck just how much it felt to me like I was in the game – empty roads, beautiful forest.
 
Of course, I wasn’t in a hyper car and I’m not convinced the hire company would have been impressed that I was out on a dirt track.  Similarly, down on the Great Ocean Road, the scenery is uncannily like the game in places, but there was no way I was going to be doing any driving down in the surf when I visited.
 
The shock of recognition says something about the levels of detail games designers are now using to create a compelling environment in which we can play – partly to keep us wanting to buy the next game, the next expansion pack and so on.  But, of course, designers cut out the boring bits.  There’s a lot of rather dull urban landscape in material London when moving between the famous bits – but you wouldn’t necessarily know that from playing Assassin’s Creed: Syndicate.  Similarly, the Great Ocean road is pretty, but the mundane realities of speed limits, heavy traffic and the need to find somewhere for lunch make it a very different experience to hooning along at 250kph in a Koenigsegg before completely losing the back end going into a corner too quickly and ending up crashing into a cliff face.  Games landscapes can be consumed in a variety of different ways, but everything about them is encouraging you to have a much more ludic engagement in ways that would be deemed profoundly antisocial in the real world.  And, indeed, the gamerly skills needed to engage with the virtual landscape in that way don’t really translate to the material realities of being out on a dusty mountain road, on your own, with somewhat spotty GPS reception and without a clear idea of where you’re going.  But it can still be genuinely disturbing when you’re visiting a new place and think to yourself “I feel like I’ve been here before…”
 
Reference
Degen, M., Melhuish, C. and Rose, G. (2017) Producing place atmospheres digitally: architecture, digital visualisation practices and the experience economy, Journal of Consumer Culture 17: 3-24.